The value of biotic pollination and dense forest for fruit set of Arabica coffee: A global assessment

Animal pollinators are globally threatened by anthropogenic land use change and agricultural intensification. The yield of many food crops is therefore negatively impacted because they benefit from biotic pollination. This especially the case in tropics. For instance, fruit set Coffea arabica has been shown to increase 10–30% plantations with a high richness bee species, possibly influenced availability surrounding forest habitat. Here, we performed global literature review (1) assess how much animal pollination enhances coffee set, (2) examine importance amount cover, distance nearby canopy density for species set. Using systematic review, identified eleven studies total 182 samples where C. was assessed. We subsequently gathered data all study sites satellite imagery. modelled effects open (all ≥25%), closed (≥50%) dense (≥75%) forests on pollinator coffee. Overall, found that increases ~18% average. In only one studies, regression results indicate positive effect which increased higher cover shorter forest. Against expectations, were not related summary, provide strong empirical support notion Forest proximity had little overall influence except when farms surrounded tropical forests, potentially these may high-quality habitats bees pollinating We, therefore, advocate more research done understand biodiversity value pollinators, notably assessing mechanisms underlying their services.